Nutrition Advice Sources

Last updated: May 8, 2026

Our approach

Bunli's nutrition guidance — calorie and macronutrient targets, fiber and water recommendations, fasting windows, and weight-management heuristics — is grounded in publicly available guidelines from health authorities and peer-reviewed research. The sources below are the primary references we consult when building and updating in-app advice.

This page is provided for transparency. Bunli is not a medical device and does not diagnose, treat, or prevent disease. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional before making significant changes to your diet, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, managing a chronic condition, or taking medication.

Government and intergovernmental guidelines

• U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. dietaryguidelines.gov
• U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. fdc.nal.usda.gov
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). nationalacademies.org
• World Health Organization. Healthy diet fact sheet and Guidelines on sugars, sodium, and fats intake for adults and children. who.int
• European Food Safety Authority. Dietary Reference Values for nutrients. efsa.europa.eu
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. cdc.gov/healthyweight

Calories and energy balance

• Hall KD, et al. "Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight." The Lancet, 2011.
• Mifflin MD, et al. "A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990. (Basis for the Mifflin–St Jeor BMR formula.)
• Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. National Academies Press, 2005.

Protein, carbohydrates, and fats

• Phillips SM, Van Loon LJC. "Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to optimum adaptation." Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011.
• Morton RW, et al. "A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults." British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018.
• Sacks FM, et al. "Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association." Circulation, 2017.
• Reynolds A, et al. "Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses." The Lancet, 2019.

Fiber

• Reynolds AN, et al. "Carbohydrate quality and human health" (fiber subgroup). The Lancet, 2019.
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. "Position of the Academy: health implications of dietary fiber." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2015.
• National Academies of Sciences. Dietary Reference Intakes for Total Fiber.

Hydration and water intake

• Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. National Academies Press, 2005.
• European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies. "Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water." EFSA Journal, 2010.
• Armstrong LE, Johnson EC. "Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement." Nutrients, 2018.

Intermittent fasting and meal timing

• de Cabo R, Mattson MP. "Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease." New England Journal of Medicine, 2019.
• Patterson RE, Sears DD. "Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting." Annual Review of Nutrition, 2017.
• Varady KA, et al. "Cardiometabolic benefits of intermittent fasting." Annual Review of Nutrition, 2021.

Weight management and behavior change

• Wadden TA, et al. "Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients encountered in primary care settings." JAMA, 2014.
• Burke LE, Wang J, Sevick MA. "Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2011.
• Jensen MD, et al. "2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults." Circulation, 2014.

Trusted overview resources

• Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The Nutrition Source. hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource
• National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Fact Sheets for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
• Cochrane Library. Systematic reviews on nutrition and dietary interventions. cochranelibrary.com
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence Analysis Library. andeal.org

How we keep this list current

We review these references periodically and when major guideline updates are published. If you spot an error, an outdated citation, or a source we should consider, please contact us at hello@bunli.app.

Disclaimer

The information in Bunli is for general educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice and is not a substitute for the diagnosis, treatment, or recommendations of a licensed healthcare professional.